To cite the 'difNLR' package in publications, please, use: - 2020 for the 'difNLR' package description - 2017 for the 3PL non-IRT model validation - 2026 for new estimation approaches provided in the 'difNLR()' function

Hladka, A. & Martinkova, P. (2020). difNLR: Generalized logistic regression models for DIF and DDF detection. The R Journal, 12(1), 300--323,<doi:10.32614/RJ-2020-014>.

Hladka, A. & Martinkova, P. (2026). difNLR: DIF and DDF detection by non-linear regression models. R package version 1.5.3-1.

Drabinova, A. & Martinkova, P. (2017). Detection of differential item functioning with nonlinear regression: A non-IRT approach accounting for guessing. Journal of Educational Measurement, 54(4), 498--517,<doi:10.1111/jedm.12158>

Hladka, A., Martinkova, P., & Brabec, M. (2026). New iterative algorithms for estimation of item functioning. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 51(1), 175--205,<doi:10.3102/10769986241312354>

Corresponding BibTeX entries:

  @Article{,
    title = {{difNLR}: Generalized logistic regression models for {DIF}
      and {DDF} detection},
    author = {Adela Hladka and Patricia Martinkova},
    year = {2020},
    doi = {10.32614/RJ-2020-014},
    pages = {300--323},
    volume = {12},
    number = {1},
    journal = {The R Journal},
  }

  @Manual{,
    title = {{difNLR}: {DIF} and {DDF} Detection by Non-Linear
      Regression Models},
    author = {Adela Hladka and Patricia Martinkova},
    year = {2026},
    note = {R package version 1.5.3-1},
    url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=difNLR},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {{D}etection of differential item functioning with
      nonlinear regression: {A} non-{IRT} approach accounting for
      guessing},
    author = {Adela Drabinova and Patricia Martinkova},
    year = {2017},
    journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement},
    volume = {54},
    number = {4},
    pages = {498--517},
    doi = {10.1111/jedm.12158},
    publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {New iterative algorithms for estimation of item
      functioning},
    author = {Adela Hladka and Patricia Martinkova and Marek Brabec},
    year = {2026},
    doi = {10.3102/10769986241312354},
    pages = {175--205},
    volume = {51},
    number = {1},
    journal = {Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics},
  }